Assessment and treatment options for substance abuse and dependence Essay

Evaluation and treatment choices for substance misuse and reliance customers - Essay Example Liquor and synthetic maltreatment, for instance, have been assessed to co-happen in 33% of the mental unsettling influences introduced in treatment (Doweiko, 2006). Doweiko advised that emotional wellness specialists should be discerning of people giving simultaneous analyses. Understudies do encounter emergencies in their lives and the degree to which they look for guiding administrations will be dictated by their insight into the presence and motivation behind such administrations, their confidence in the fitness of such administrations, and their affirmation of common classification. Such endeavors are conceivable just through broad effort and advertising exercises and programs, and through advisors' notoriety of being concerned, powerful experts. There seems, by all accounts, to be less shame joined to guiding now than has been the situation in past decades. The move from customary to current culture might be viewed as one purpose behind this change (Axelson, 1993). Conventional culture (before the Industrial Revolution) underlined individual course through communitarian family securities, though present day culture centers around singular improvement short family connection.

Portfolio essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Portfolio - Essay Example I have learned something beyond contentious composing methods. In my portfolio, I have included specialized composition, informative composition and scholarly analysis, among different structures. For example, I have utilized interpretive writing in an article I composed titled â€Å"what occurs in Saudi Arabia each hour?† This can be shown by the way that I have given a back story or foundation data about Saudi Arabia in my starting passage. I have endeavored to investigate top to bottom the differentiation between the truth in Saudi Arabia and the apparent picture that the vast majority may have about Saudi Arabia. Numerous individuals round the world are misled and esteem Saudi Arabia as a terrible and an inhabitable spot. In my article, I have explained in the great and the terrible in regards to the nation. Moreover, I have clarified the way that passings from street mishaps in Saudi Arabia have been on the ascent by giving measurements from earlier years to help my proposition. I utilized research in this paper to join outside data into my examination that bolsters the theme I was managing. The appraisal produced using the exploration I did when composing the article stays one of my preferred pieces of the paper. I have painstakingly watched reports by Joffe Walts on how a large portion of the mishaps in Saudi Arabia generally guaranteed the lives youth more than some other gathering. The measurements demonstrated that street mishaps were the main source of most demise among Saudi Arabian grown-up guys. The females are saved as the general public precludes ladies from driving vehicles. Through the end to the paper that I composed, I am in a superior position presently to incite the contemplations of perusers using non-serious inquiries with respect to measurements of the loss of life from street mishaps. The peruser is constrained into thought when perusing the facetious inquiries utilized. This article has made an intentional endeavor to exhibits my abilities as to summing up, inside and out examination and arrangement of

An Overview of Disorganized Schizophrenia

An Overview of Disorganized Schizophrenia February 03, 2020 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Verywell / Evan Polenghi In This Article Table of Contents Expand Diagnosis Symptoms Onset Causes and Risk Factors Treatment Complications Overall, the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is 0.3 to 0.7 percent, and it is a lifelong disorder that can lead to severe impairments in functioning. Disorganized schizophrenia, also referred to as hebephrenic schizophrenia, based on the Greek term for adolescence, was a subtype of schizophrenia previously recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). In the current version of the DSM (DSM-5, released in 2013), there are no longer subtypes of schizophrenia (previously there was the disorganized type, as well as paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types), as it was determined that these were not helpful to clinicians when treating the disorder. However, disorganized symptoms remain one criterion for diagnosing schizophrenia, and some individuals may show more of these types of symptoms than other symptoms of the disorder. In the most general sense, disorganized schizophrenia refers to disorganization of thought processes, behavior, and affect regulation (emotions). Diagnosis Diagnosis of schizophrenia involves a comprehensive set of examinations to rule out other causes of symptoms, including a physical exam, blood count, thyroid assessment, drug and alcohol use assessment, and possibly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans for brain lesions or other abnormalities. In addition, a psychological evaluation will be conducted to determine the thoughts, feelings, behavior patterns, family history, and medical history of a patient presenting with symptoms that suggest schizophrenia. Diagnosis is made according to the DSM-5 criteria, which are as follows: A person must present with two or more of the following (at least one of them must be from the first three on the list) for a significant portion of the time over a 1-month period: DelusionsHallucinationsDisorganized speechGrossly disorganized or catatonic behaviorNegative symptoms In addition, the person must show impairment in life functioning, and continuous signs of the disturbance for a period of at least 6 months. Disorganized Symptoms What are the disorganized symptoms in schizophrenia? Simply put, they fall into the third and fourth categories of symptoms listed in the DSM-5 for diagnosing the disorder. A person who is experiencing disorganized schizophrenia may show any of the following symptoms: Problems with routine tasks like dressing, bathing, brushing teethShowing emotions that are not appropriate to the situationBlunted or flat affectImpaired communication ability, including speechProblems with the use and ordering of wordsAn inability to think clearly and respond appropriatelyUse of nonsense words/making up words (neologism)Shifting quickly from one thought to the next without logical connectionsWriting a lot without any meaningForgetting or losing thingsPacing or walking in circlesHaving problems understanding everyday thingsResponding to questions with unrelated answersRepeating the same things over and over againProblems with attaining goals or completing tasksLack of impulse controlFailure to make eye contactChildlike behaviorsSocial withdrawal It is easy to see that the disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia cover a range of issues related to thoughts, speech, behavior, and emotion. Unfortunately, these symptoms interfere with the ability to function both in terms of activities of daily living and communication with others. Onset The peak age of onset of schizophrenia is in the early to mid-20s for men and late 20s for women. Schizophrenia is most commonly diagnosed from adolescence to early adulthood. Because the onset of disorganized symptoms is often gradual and may be attributed to other problems experienced during this time of life, such as trying to adjust to adulthood, the signs of disorganization due to schizophrenia are not always easy to spot. Unfortunately, the prognosis is worse both when schizophrenia begins earlier, and also when treatment is begun later. Causes and Risk Factors We dont know precisely what causes schizophrenia; however, it is believed to result from a combination of biological and environmental factors related to faulty signaling between brain cells and different neurotransmitter systems. In addition, each of the following risk factors has been implicated in the development of the disorder: A family history of schizophreniaA viral infection as a fetus during pregnancy (e.g., influenza, herpes, toxoplasmosis, rubella)Malnutrition as a fetus during pregnancyExperiencing severe stress during your early lifeBeing born to older parentsUsing recreational drugs during adolescence (though this could also be a result of having schizophrenia) Having one or more of these risk factors does not mean that you will necessarily develop schizophrenia. However, showing symptoms of the disorder along with one or more of these risk factors could be a sign that you should be assessed by your doctor to determine whether you meet criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Risk Factors for Schizophrenia Treatment Much like other mental health disorders, the primary treatments for schizophrenia are medication and psychotherapy. As mentioned earlier, earlier diagnosis and treatment mean better outcomes, particularly in the case of disorganized symptoms, because these can have a significant impact on things such as completing education, finding a job, and living independently. Schizophrenia Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Medication Medications for schizophrenia include antipsychotic drugs. In severe cases, a person diagnosed with schizophrenia may need to be hospitalized for stabilization or safety. Medications for the disorder will help to reduce disordered thinking and improve functioning. Some people may also be prescribed antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or anti-anxiety medication alongside antipsychotics for symptoms of schizophrenia. Therapy Talk therapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be used in schizophrenia to target specific life problems and to help you develop coping strategies to deal with those problems. Learning to regulate emotions by examining thought processes is one helpful strategy that can be developed through CBT. Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT) ECT involves sending an electric current through the brain to provoke a neurochemical release, and may be helpful in those who are also experiencing a risk of suicide or severe depression. Skills Training Skills training for people with disorganized schizophrenia might be used to help you find a job, further your education, or learn how to better communicate with others despite your symptoms. Family Support While not a treatment per se, support from family plays a large role in how well those with schizophrenia will fare. Your family needs to learn about and understand the disorder, as well as learn how best to support you. Complications As with other mental health conditions, there are numerous complications of living with disorganized schizophrenia. Below is a list of just some of the issues that can come with having a diagnosis of this disorder: DepressionRisk of suicideMalnutritionPoor personal hygieneSubstance use to self-medicateUnemploymentPovertyHomelessnessFamily conflictLower educational attainmentInvolvement in crime (potentially as either victim, perpetrator, or both)Poor living conditions (e.g., the inability to keep up with housework)Poor medication compliance Unfortunately, many people with this disorder feel that they dont need medications or can stop taking their medication once their symptoms start to resolve. Disorganized schizophrenia is a lifelong ailment that requires ongoing treatment, and it will return without medication. If you are a person living with schizophrenia, it is important to follow the advice of your doctor regardless of how well you may be feeling. In addition, if you are a family member of someone with schizophrenia, be sure to check on them often and become aware of the signs and symptoms of the disorder that could return if medication is stopped. A Word From Verywell Disorganized schizophrenia involves impairment in daily activities and communication with others. If you suspect that you or someone you know may be living with the symptoms of this disorder, it is important to make an appointment with your doctor for an assessment and diagnosis. Early detection and treatment mean a better prognosis, particularly when a person is living with disorganized thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. Proper treatment in the form of medication and/or therapy is necessary; without treatment from a professional, it is unlikely that the symptoms that are being experienced will go away on their own. What Its Like to Have Schizophrenia

Going Out of Their Way for the Well-being of...

A hero is defined as a person, who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. What is your perception of a hero? Is it a â€Å"hero† from the movies, like spiderman or batman? The idea of heroism is widespread and many opinions arise from the concept. A hero is someone who goes out of their way for another’s well being. Calvin Coolidge, a writer, once said, â€Å"Heroism is not only in the man, but in the occasion.† (Brainy quote). For one to actually be a hero, one must take the opportunity at any occasion. Heroism occurs often in the real world, many examples are established in novels, and there are many different opinions among the theory of heroism, but in reality the only real meaning is one who helps†¦show more content†¦In a non-fictional book entitled â€Å"Enrique’s Journey†, A young boy named Enrique, struggles to make his way from Honduras to America, to finally see his mother again. Throu ghout his journey he met a lovely woman named Olga, who helped the injured immigrants. One could come to the conclusion that Olga was a hero in this text. Christopher Reeve said, â€Å"A hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles.† (Brainy quote). This quote relates to Olga’s experience because she had many overwhelming experiences saving immigrants, but she did not give up. This relates to how hero’s do what they can when they can, and whenever they can. Many opinions and beliefs arise from the concept and/or act of heroism. Heroism is portrayed in many ways, including unrealistic ideals, and more of a real concept. The idea of the act being unnatural, with more than human abilities isn’t exactly the true meaning of heroism. The untrue part of that, is that it’s as if no one except someone, typically a man, has those certain abilities then they are not true hero’s. When i n all true accusation, anyone can be a hero. With any concept, much debate occurs within society when there really isn’t a need to be. A famous author, Angus Wilson said, â€Å"The opportunities for heroism are limited in this kind of world: the most people can do is sometimes not to be as weak as theyve been at other times.† (Brainy quote). This quote furtherShow MoreRelatedMy Favorite Heroes Come From Ancient Greece And Rome1367 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom going to Elysium where they tend to live a happy and joyful life for those who were blessed by the gods and were heroic. There are four heroes that I am going to talk about in this paper. They range from Beowulf, which is Old Danish folklore to Achilles, which symbolizes an old Greek myth about being unstoppable in power. Then I will talk about Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, which is an amazing Roman Leader back before Rome was an Empire. Finally I will talk about a modern hero namedRead MoreThe Heroes Of A Hero1082 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher Reeve once said, â€Å"A hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles.† In today’s society, what describes a hero is different to each person you ask. In my opinion, there are three different heroes today. There are the heroes you read about in books and watch in movies such as The Avengers and X-Men, and there are the everyday heroes such as doctors, police, and soldiers. There are also tragic heroes. Shakespeare is famousRead MoreCharacteristics Of Michael Jackson712 Words   |  3 PagesMichael Jackson a tragic hero? Well, What is a tragic hero? A tragic hero is someone who is great or virtuous character who is destined for downfall, suffering or defeat. Michael Jackson fits characteristics of a tragic hero. Many people remember him by his influence on people and music.Some of the ways he did inspire people was by doing things for children. Michael fits th e characteristics as a tragic hero in many different ways with all the downfalls and positive things he has done for us todayRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing Individualism Analysis1380 Words   |  6 Pagesindividualism. Individualism is the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant. Individualism philosophies are the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the sole individual. William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, and was considered one of the greatest writers in the English language, of all time. Still to this day, Shakespeare has his productions of his plays being performed today.In Shakespeare’s twenty years as aRead MoreHero Essay : A Hero Is A True Hero805 Words   |  4 PagesReeve states, â€Å"A hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to preserve and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles.† In other words, a hero is a everyday person that has the cour age, bravery, and strength to overcome any challenge they are going through or as a challenge to help someone no matter what it takes. Even though there could be many struggles, a hero has to endure the strength to do anything to help in any way they can. Many people think they know what a hero is, but do theyRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing, Act 4 Scene 1 Analysis1566 Words   |  7 Pagesdramatic techniques to create a remarkable and memorable moment in the play. The techniques include: the positioning of the scene in the context of the play as a whole; the successful characterization of the key players, including Leonato, Claudio and Hero in particular; and the use of poetic and descriptive language. To begin with the structure of the play as a whole, the audience would already feel tense because of the previous scene in which Dogberry and Verges failed to communicate the message ofRead MoreThe True Success Behind Ms. Marvel923 Words   |  4 PagesMs. Marvel in 2014 it turned out to be a successful hit. Kamala Khan may be a Muslim but she s still just like any other ordinary teenage girl who lives in Jersey and faces the same problems: lives with strict parents, has that one friend who has a secret crush but is never noticed, a small group of friends, and the desire to be able to fit in with the â€Å"popular† kids at school. This story isn’t just about how any other every day person became to become zero to hero. The true success behind Ms. MarvelRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1210 Words   |  5 Pages The play starts off as a man by the name of Don Pedro and his fellow officers are returning to Messina from war. Leonato is informed that Don Pedro wishes to come to his home for a month. Before the war, Hero, Leonato s only daughter, had been attracted to Claudio. Leonato holds a masked ball to celebrate the end of the War, and also to celebrate Claudio and Hero’s engagement. Don John, the dukes brother, plots to mess up this relationship. Alot of deceit and lies take place during the play. WeRead MoreComponents of a Quest Novel in True Grit by Charles Portis659 Words   |  3 Pagesin a quest novel? There is a quest hero, the wise old man, a helper or guide, a call, and many more. Charles Portis applies these components to many of his characters in his novel True Grit. There is stubborn, fourteen year old Mattie Ross, the quest hero, Marshal Rooster Cogburn, the wise old man, and a conceited Texas ranger named LaBoeuf, the helper/guide. Throughout this novel, they prove th at they are the characters of a quest novel in many ways. A quest hero is someone who has the courage toRead MoreWhat Makes A Hero?1722 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent the fields are, they are brave, helpful, and hardworking. A hero can be someone known for courageous achievements. They are normally men, but can be women too. Heroes come in many different ways. Some characteristics of a hero are someone who has enormous courage, strength, and knowledge. They usually have a big effect on people’s life and are pretty well known. A hero is also known for helping people and not doing it out of revenge. They must have a good heart because they are putting themselves

The Definitive Solution for Free Essay Samples Education You Can Find Out About Today

The Definitive Solution for Free Essay Samples Education You Can Find Out About Today Ok, I Think I Understand Free Essay Samples Education, Now Tell Me About Free Essay Samples Education! Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a few essay writing basic guide that you need to always bear in mind. What's more, social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter among many more, chat, text messages together with websites are avenues by which cyber bullying College education essay If you're studying at pedagogical university or you have subjects linked to Education and Teaching, you will need to deal with essays about education. The simplest way to decide on the sort of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. The above mentioned essay on traditional education versus online coaching indicates that both the kinds of study are helpful for those. Claims that education directly impacts the quality of life aren't made up. In life an individual can be in a position to live without education, but knowledge is easily obtained through education. On the 1 hand, it ought to be free because there are poor who are smart, intelligent and capable, yet the state stipulates no education in their opinion. A great education is among the absolute most important things an individual may pursue. Essay writing is usually practiced is schools. Writing an essay is an essential role in academe life. How to compose an english essay. There are lots of facets of life a comprehensive education will influence an individual. If there's a meeting between two individuals who belong to completely different cultures, but have the exact same degree of education, they'll be able to grasp each othernot with regard to language, but with regard to outlook. Because education helps an individual develop her or his outlook, her or his way of thinking. To begin with, education can assist a person lead a thriving life. While writing an essay for an english class may appear overwhelming it does not need to be. On our website, you are going to discover competent essay writers who will aid you with your assignments whatever they may be. Don't worry, receive a completely free full essay, which can work as a guide to finish your assignments. Adventure Education has gained appreciable momentum over the previous 25-30 decades. It's through development that we've become more rational and learned. However, even when you don't know about any requirements our specialists can help you. The education system does not require an overhaul. The desire to be a physician or engineer can be accomplished through education. I believe that's what they mean by coming from the closet', being prepared to take shit from people who feel they will need to share their opinions on somebody else's lifestyle. The second reason education is important is it is crucial to have a well-paid job, or no less than a job which will let one sustain himself or herself. The more education an individual has, the larger the chances that person will get a higher paying job. You don't have to be worried about your personal details that may be viewed, as we handle the matter on a safe network. We are aware that it isn't justifiable to just offer writing services at reasonable prices and plainly attain the very best rank of the greatest essay writing service. If you're looking for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. Just visit the search field, put in your topic and realize the list of essays collected from our site. It doesn't however guarantee any specific degree of education of any specific quality. It is not as concerned with controlling the educational procedure, attempting to create circumstances where the student would establish her or his own targets and achieve them, while transforming their own self and self-regulating the studying process. It's in this respect a program must be reviewed so as to address and resolve the problems associated with this sort of education. The education process is successful.

Six Sigma for Sustainability in Multinational Organizations Free Essays

Six Sigma For Sustainability In Multinational Organizations Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 Six Sigma For Sustainability In Multinational Organizations Abdullah AlSagheer, Hamdan Bin Mohammed e-University, Dubai UAE ABSTRACT The Six Sigma model provides various kinds of sustainability to companies in terms of quality enhancement, zero defect level, market share enhancement, optimal production level and financial returns. Multinational companies are more orientated toward impl ementation of Six Sigma than small scale locally held companies. Numerous larger companies have so far implemented Six Sigma including 3M, Caterpillar, Merrill Lynch, Bank of America, Amazon. We will write a custom essay sample on Six Sigma for Sustainability in Multinational Organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now com, DHL, SGL group, Dell, Ford Motor Company, DuPont, McGraw Hi ll Companies and HSBC group. Implementation of Six Sigma requires considerable cost and effort in terms of human resource training and reformulation of business processes. This study is an attempt to find what kind of sustainability motivates multinational companies to invest in Six Sigma. Sustainability identified includes social sustainability, environmental sustainability, and economic sustainability. With the aid of interviews, a constant comparison study is conducted in order to find the most preva lent type of sustainability offered by Six Sigma. A sample is drawn from multinational companies which have already implemented Six Sigma in their operations. The findings suggest that multinational companies implement Six Sigma in order to attain econom ic sustainability through various means such as market share, customer base, and social sustainability. Keywords: Six Sigma; sustainability; multinationals; economic sustainability; zero defect level; financial sustainability INTRODUCTION T he world is witnessing a reformed shape of business, an approach more focused on quality and customer care. The traditional concept of supplier orientation has shifted to customer orientation and traditional meaning of quality has also changed. Quality management, total quality management, zero defect level, lean management, continuous improvement and Six Sigma have evolved over the period of time to meet quality requirements of customers. Each having a slighter different and updated focus of quality, Six S igma is the most advance approach. Six Sigma is a quality management initiative that takes the methodological approach based on data attempting to eliminate the defects to minimize standard deviation to desired level of quality (Six Sigma, 2010). The study is focused to find sustainability that Six Sigma brings in multinationals. Small businesses, due to their small scale and low organized processes confront difficulties while implementing six sigma processes. Present study finds the sustainability that six sigma provides to larger multinational organizations in terms of society, environment and financial return. Background Of Study Initiated by Motorola, Six Sigma has largely been adopted by number of multinational, larger scale companies. A few to mentioned includes 3M, Merrill Lynch, Bank of America, Amazon. com, DHL, SGL group, Dell, Ford Motor company, DuPont, McGraw Hill Companies, HSBC group, United States Army and many others (Gupta, 2005). It is pertinent to notice that mostly multinational an d larger companies have adopted Six Sigma (Wiele, Iwaarden and Power, 2010). Literature and actual implementation of Six Sigma largely reflects the fact that multinational companies are more inclined towards adoption of Six Sigma as it produces multifacete d sustainability. Core reasons of this adoption is that multinational afford higher cost of training, higher technical expertise requirement and more advance processes (Gupta, 2005).  © 2011 The Clute Institute 7 Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 Statement Of The Research Problem Multinational organizations adopts six sigma as it offer them sustainability and diversity however, it is important to learn what type of sustainability does six sigma provide to the companies. The core research question to be addressed is what kind of sustainability is largely provided by S ix Sigma in multinational companies. The core question is supported by several secondary questions such as is it in terms of financial success, corporate social responsibility, market share or business? s repute for best practices? Does the core objective of Six Sigma is to bring financial success? How companies define sustainability and what do they want to achieve through Six Sigma? Purpose And Significance Of The Study The study is aimed to drill down into concept of sustainability provided by Six Sig ma. It is important to learn how quality management and advanced quality approaches are helping companies to improve their performance and efficiency. The study is a guideline for companies that have not ventured for Six Sigma. Many multinational companies such as IBM, Microsoft and Royal Dutch Shell are using their customized quality approach (Schwandt and Marquardt, 2000). The study will ardently provide a basis of comparison between Six Sigma companies and customized quality approaches for future researc h. Moreover, it is significant from Six Sigma companies view point by looking into possible sustainability that Six Sigma can add to their businesses. Review Of The Literature A wide variety of literature is present which draws on Six Sigma, sustainabil ity and sustainability brought by Six Sigma in multinational companies in different perspectives. Six Sigma has a history of twenty four years and theorists have widely discussed its different aspects. The literature initially defines how Six Sigma works f or multinational companies and what the term sustainability ideally reflects. In later part, the literature reviews the sustainability actually brought by Six Sigma in companies and the core aim of adopting Six Sigma in different companies. Six Sigma For Quality Management Six Sigma is highly effective implementation of proven quality principles and techniques. The approach works for virtually error free business performance. In Six Sigma, the company? s performance is measured by the sigma level of businesses process (Pyzdek and Keller, 2009). An approach focused on establishing world class performance bench marks provides road map for attaining zero error level. Apparently Six Sigma is associated with the enhancing quality of good and services, nevertheless, it brings efficiency and effectiveness in processes throughout the organization (Truscott, 2003). Six Sigma approach marvelously improves quality as it objectively looks into quality measurement. Henderson and Evans (2000) McCarty and Fisher (2007) stated that Six Sigma make measurement possible through its multi dimensional statistical model. The model is primarily focused on three aspects i -e sigma statistics, sigma measure and performance benchmark however no element specifically identifies the le vel of sustainability (Truscott, 2009). Turscott (2009) further exemplifies the Six Sigma implementation by looking at following daily life examples: Process sigma value 2 3 4 5 6 Source: Truscott (2009) 8 Table 1: Six Sigma Implementation from Daily Life Expectation of Time without electricity 207 h 45 h 4h 9 min 8 sec Aircraft accidents 8 per 10 flights 24 per 100 flights 25 per 1000 flights 9 per 10,000 flights 12 per million flights 2011 The Clute Institute Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 Six Sigma works on principles of continuous improvement; Coronado and Antony (2002) resembles the Six Sigma as a loop which begins with defining the goals of improvement activity i -e benchmarking of quality services and leads to measuring of existing syste m. In Six Sigma, measuring the existin g system is often termed as gap analysis (Antony, 2006). The next component of Six Sigma loop works with identifying the ways to remove the gap and improving the present system (Thareja, 2006). If Six Sigma loop stops at continuous improvement, it will more likely consider as total quality management (Khan, 2003). Sustainability The other core element of Six Sigma implementation is the sustainability which it brings to the organization. Generally understanding sustainability, sustainability is best defined by world commission on environment and development (1987) stating that sustainable development is development that meets the need of present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own n eeds. Fricker (1998) defined sustainability as vision of future that provides a road map while focusing on certain set of ethical and moral values which may guide the actions of an entity. Looking sustainability in details, it mainly focuses on three aspec ts i-e economic growth, social progress and environmental protection (Munier, 2006). Sustainability involves people, capital resources, natural resources, environment and institution. Fricker (1998) further added that sustainability is not merely an end result of processes rather it continuous seeking of quality behavior. An organization is said to be sustainable if its people are willing to bring a change and embrace the change ultimately leading toward sustainable organizational design (Shrivastava and Director, 1995). In an organizational perspective particularly, sustainability refers to the value addition from Six Sigma. The dimension of sustainability includes variation elimination, control on new processes, statistical controls, reduced complexity, precision, accuracy and effectiveness in business process (Giardina, 2006). An addition in traditional Six Sigma is lean Six Sigma which primarily focuses on improved process flow (Reiling, 2008). Due to difference of focus, the perspective for sustainability also varies. In Six Sigma, the sustainability refers to utmost standardization with zero defects whereas lean Six Sigma emphasize sustainability as identification of value, defining value stream, determining flow, defining pull and improving process in every business function such as marketing, finance and management (Taghizadegan, 2006). Sustainability Achieved Through Six Sigma Multinational companies have adopted Six Sigma for variety of purposes however, the core goal was to attain financial sustainability through improved processes and better work flow (Poudlove, Moxham and Boaden, 2008) however, the financial success is achieved through multidimensional quality improvements (Mahadevan, 2010). General Motors reduced its disposal costs by $12 million through kanban system; an integral part of Six Sigma. Similar to this, Robins Air Force Base, C -130 paint shop reduced tools material and equipment by 39% and $373,800 in direct operating savings (Giardina, 2006). M was among few companies which initiated to adopt Six Sigma. 3M upgraded to lean Six Sigma and its purpose was to attain environmental stability. The company is pioneer in use of lean Six Sigma methods and tools to improve operations and quality. In first step, the company trained it s 100,000 employees for Six Sigma in order to attain the operational sustainability. 3M achieved multi facet result s such as improvement in energy efficiency from 20% to 27% and reduction in waste index to net sales from 25% to 30%. All these achievements are aimed toward attaining environmental sustainability and operational sustainability. Till 2005, savings from the lean Six Sigma project was amounted to $1 billion which was made possible by reducing pollution, improving workflow, equipment redesign, process ramification and product reformulation (3M Lean Six-Sigma and Sustainability, 2010). Byrne (2007) also asserts that companies implement Six Sigma to drive the innovation. The first five years of lean Six Sigma helped many companies to improve their results such as attained by Caterpillar. Weber (2004) also quotes Caterpillar as achiever from Six Sigma. In September 2004, Caterpillar was $20 billion Company and Caterpillar was aimed to increase the revenues by $10 billion in first decade of lean Six Sigma implementation. Weber (2004) contrasts with Byrne (2007) in the context that caterpillar wanted to attain the innovation  © 2011 The Clute Institute 9 Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 sustainability. According to Weber (2004), caterpillar was focused on achieving financial stability. The company? top management has highlighted that Caterpillar management such as CEO has claimed that Six Sigma was the important contribution toward increase in sales of caterpillar. Six Sigma is also driving the continuous improvement culture in the company and business is gaining efficiency in all respects (Weber, 2004). Hilton (2008) identifies several companies such as Motorola, General Electric, Dell Computer, Dow Chemicals, Wal-Mart and Ho neywell who implemented Six Sigma and attained measurable results. General electric saved $8 billion after mplementing Six Sigma in three years and Wall -Marts is looking for savings of $1 billion from lean Six Sigma (Leahy, 2000). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Study Design Decision to implement of Six Sigma comes from organizational leaders. Since every organization is unique and has its own requirements, therefore company? s internal management can determine the potential benefits to be achieved by the Six Sigma (Bertels, Rath Strong, 2003). Defining objectives for the company and preparing employees to accept change occurred through Six Sigma is responsibility of top management and leaders. According to Pande (2003), Six Sigma lies in the vision of top management and only they can decide what sustainability they want from Six Sigma. On these grounds, the study seeks direct interaction with top management about sustainability desired from Six Sigma. The survey method provides researcher with an ease of open communication and allows sharing of ideas and thoughts. Surveys are considered best when opinion and ideas of people are important in shaping a conclusion (Groves, Fowler, Couper, Lepkowski and Eleanor, 2009). The study adopted cross section survey method as its core research methodology. In survey, interview tool was used to collect data directly from top management of multinational companies. Cross sectional survey are used to collect information at a single point in time and helps to establish the relationship between two entities (Babbie, 1990). Brief structured interviews were conduct ed to collect the data from participants. Participants Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Purposive sampling provides an opportunity to select participants on a specific criterion which fits to the purpose of study (Teddlie and Tashakkori, 2009). For present study, interviewees were selected on number of criteria such as listed below: ? ? ? The participants belong to a multinational company which has already implemented Six Sigma. The participant works on multinational on any key managerial position directly associated with decision making. Such participants include chief operating officers, chief executive officers, senior finance managers, chief information manager, information technology head, information technology specialist and senior management. Participant has been working in the organization before the Six Sigma was implemented in the company. Data Collection And Data Analysis Since it was difficult to visit such participants personally due to geographical constraints, int erviews were conducted on telephone where personal visit was not possible. After getting the list of multinational companies who have implemented the Six Sigma, the information tentative participants were collected using official websites and Chamber of Commerce websites. The contact information, permission and appointment for an interview were also obtained via telephone. The interviews could not be recorded as permission was not granted however; notes were taken during the interview and were later converted into text manually. The text was later analyzed using software Weft QDA and patterns were obtained. Constant comparison approach was used to compare the interview transcript and to obtain the patterns. According to Glaser and Strauss (1967), constant c omparison approach helps to develop a 10  © 2011 The Clute Institute Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 theory about the phenomenon. The constant comparison is made through development of codes and subsequently, a theory is developed. The interviews were structured and comprised of 15 -20 twenty minute each. In all, forty two participants from different companies were interviewed. The participants includes senior finance managers, chief executive officers, IT managers, chief operating officers and in some cases directors of companies also. The participants companies include Maple Lead Foods, Pakistan International Airlines, Pakistan State Oil, Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide, Deere and Company, Bank of Montreal, McGraw Hill Companies and Vodafone. Findings And Analysis Telephonic and face to face interviews were conducted to collect the data from participants. In all forty two participants were interviewed which included executives and managers. The stratification of participants on basis of their designation is provided below: Senior Finance Managers Chief Executive Officers IT Managers Chief Operating Officers Directors Total Table 2: Stratification of Participants on Designation Participants 12 7 14 5 4 42 %age Participation 29% 17% 33% 12% 10% 100% The interviews were brief and structured (Appendix A). Primarily the interviews were focused to know what type of sustainability motivates the multinational companies to invest in Six Sigma. Using the constant comparison approach, the interviews text was a nalyzed for patterns. Two level coding was performed using Weft QDA as the purpose was to find which type of sustainability is acquired through Six Sigma. Several codes were found which were emerged. Redundant codes were merged to derive constant flow of i nformation. Primary and secondary research questions are addressed through several themes discussed heere Core Objective Of Six Sigma Secondary research questions inquiring core objectives of Six Sigma were addressed through themes such as competition, zero defect level and financial success. As reflected by most of the, Six Sigma is implemented to stay competitive with other companies. Participants concluded that multinational companies needs to build corporate repute which increases their market share and Six Sigma is nowadays used as tool to reflect that company is taking endeavors for improving quality. This at first hands improves the competitive position of the company. Regional Finance Manager of Vodafone asserted that â€Å"The impacts of Six Sigma are long term and may be seen afterwards however; the company instantly start attaining repute after implementation of advance quality model †. COO of Maple Lead Foods was also of the view that â€Å"To remain competitive in market, continuous improvement in every aspect is necessary. Six-Sigma is also aimed to help us in enhancement in our market image in eyes of competitors† Vice President (Finance) of Bank of Montreal endorsed the same by stating â€Å"Other larger banks have already implemented similar models which has raised customers’ expectation. We are aimed to attain better market position by implementing an optimal service quality model†. Second prevailing theme for core objectives of Six Sigma was quality improvement. â€Å" Six-Sigma really helps to improve quality, we can see the difference. Processes are now more efficient and speedy† stated by IT manager of Starwood Hotels. CEO of Pakistan International Airlines asserted that â€Å"The model has helped to stay efficient and had reduced our effort in day to day activities. We are now more competent for offering quality solutions to our passengers and to our suppliers†. COO of Pakistan State Oil stated the fact â€Å"Six Sigma has reduce our effective time to market and we had a desire to attain so from this model implementa tion†.  © 2011 The Clute Institute 11 Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 Third objective as extracted from most of interviews was the ability of Six Sigma to improve financial position of the company. It is evolved from the interviews that almost all companies are highly profit oriented and Six Sigma is adopted as a tool to attain financial success. Most of the company? executives reflected that Six Sigma is not merely adopted for financial success however, the responses can be considered as attempt to act in socially desirable manner. Executives of large multinational companies may not always admit that their specific endeavor is merely for profits. Reflection about company? s high concern toward profits can harm its repute as socially responsible company (Stocke, 2003). CEO of P akistan State Oil endorsed that † We understand Six-Sigma reduces material wastage and improves supply chain activities. Ultimately, it leads to overall cost reduction† . COO of Maple Leaf Foods also asserted that â€Å"Six-Sigma do cost to use however, we expect a positive return in terms of market repute ultimately translated in financial success†. Senior Vice President (Finance) of Deere and Company stated, â€Å"It is important to look all projects from financial perspective. We considered the cost and benefit analysis of Six Sigma as fundamental step for deciding on the project†. How Companies Understand Sustainability Secondary question pertaining to sustainability was explained with themes uch as financial stability, improvement in quality, optimal productivity, social responsibility, environmental protection and value addition to the company. The most prevalent theme emerged for sustainability is financial success and optimal productivity. As reflected by all participants, the primary meaning of sustainability is financial success and optimal produc tion with minimum defects . Multinational companies consider financial success as the foremost sustainability to be achieved through zero defect level. In opinion of CEO of Pakistan International Airline â€Å"A company can only be socially responsible when it is financial sustainable. For me, sustainability is the financial success which enables PIA to be sustainable in other areas too†. IT Manager of McGraw Hill Companies highlighted the fact that â€Å"when I think of sustainability, I think of higher financial return earned on investments of shareholders. Finance manger of John Deer and Company however, considered value addition as true sustainability by stating â€Å"We are sustainable when our products are able to generate value for our company†. Endorsed by director of Starwood Hotels, â€Å"We are sustainable when are able to offer highest with the lowest sources, this means Starwood is sustainable in terms of services and in its corporate framework†. The other prevalent theme about sustainability was environmental protection and corporate social responsibility. Director of Deere and Company defined sustainability as â€Å" We are sustainable when we are harmless to society and its stakeholders†. IT manager of Bank of Montreal highlighted the same fact â€Å"Sustainability is an attempt to be productive for the society and for its members†. Sustainability Attained Through Six Sigma The literal meaning of sustainability identified by participants is different from the sustainability desired to be attained through Six Sigma. While analyzing the interviews, the most prevalent theme of sustainability attained through Six Sigma was zero defect level, optimal production and financial success. The primary research questions of study i-e what kind of sustainability is largely provided by Six Sigma in multinational companies. The multinational companies mostly reflected that Six Sigma has helped them in improving production and services ultimately translated into financial success. The primary research question was aimed to find what kind of sustainability has actually been provided by implementing Six Sigma. This has further been identified by secondary research question about core aim of Six Sigma and understanding of sustainability by multinational companies. â€Å"Six Sigma has helped us achieve financial success† identified by CEO of Deere and Company. Further elaborated by CEO of Deere and Company, Six Sigma has helped us in improving human resource functions, customer services and low cost. Ultimately, all these types of sustainability are translated into financial success. â€Å"Our employee satisfaction has increases which have helped to reduce material wastage and become process efficient. Reduced employee turnover and reduced manufacturing cost. Due to Six -Sigma implementation has considerably helped out to increase financial viability†. Finance Manger of Vodafone highlights the sustainability achieved through implementation of Six Sigma â€Å"Vodafone market share has increased as well as its financial returns. Six-Sigma has offered us financial sustainability as well as market sustainability†. 12  © 2011 The Clute Institute Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 As revealed in the present study, Six Sigma sustainability bears a multifaceted concept for organizations. Sustainability is primarily offered by Six Sigma however, every company takes the Six Sigma fr om a different perspective. It is not only the perspective which differs, rather the organizations adopts several ways to reach to a single sustainable point which is common in all organizations. Organizations? understanding of sustainability is contrasting with the requirements of Commission on Environment and Development (1987) definition of sustainability. Multinational organizations are working for material sustainability instead of focusing on developing sustainability for creating conductive environment for future changes (Ethier, 1986). Sustainability as defined by Shrivastava and Director (1995) has not been addressed by multinational companies in its fullest. Multinational organizations? ore aim to adopt Six Sigma was either to remain competitive with the other companies or to attain zero defect level along with financial sustainability. In addition, the sustainability is taken by multinational companies in terms of effectiveness in business process which are capable enough to be translated into fi nancial success (Giardina, 2006). The concept of Giardina (2006) and Taghizadegan (2006) are closely aligned and both fit to the present understanding of organizational su stainability to be achieved through Six Sigma. Sustainability as identified by organizations holds multiple meaning and multinational organization use Six Sigma to escalate from one sustainability to other such as optimal production to higher market share and ultimately into financial success (Muneir 2006). Actual sustainability as reflected by 3M experience and Robins Air Force Base attained financial sustainability through Six Sigma. 3M saved $1 billion by implementing Six Sigma by the way of product reformulation, process ramification and equipment redesign (Giardina, 2006). Amalgamating secondary and prime research question about sustainability provided by Six Sigma, it is evident from the study that multinational companies are more concerned with multidimensional sustainability however; the financial sustainability is mostly desired sustainability. Multinational companies are focused on achieving financial stability using different sustainability routes such as value addition, process improvement, human resource process improvement and market sustainability. The financial sustainabili ty is the ultimate goal however, achieved through various type of sustainability. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Six Sigma is a multidimensional approach for improving process efficiency and attaining sustainability. Six Sigma has traditionally been adopted by multinational companies due to several reasons such as higher concern for quality, higher availability to resources and competitive business environment. Initially Six Sigma was introduced by Motorola however; soon it became an advance model for improvi ng quality. Larger companies such as 3M, Deere and Company, Caterpillar, Bank of America and McGraw Hill Companies are already sustainability through Six Sigma. The study has an aim to find what kind of sustainability is being obtained by implementation of Six Sigma. Several theorists have identified several types of sustainability few including process improvement, financial sustainability, market share, value addition, corporate reputation – all broadly covered under social repute, environment protection and economic growth. The study directly interacts with participants and adopts qualitative research methodology to address the subject matter. Under qualitative study, survey design and interview tools are used for making constant comparison analysis of all interviews. With constant comparison, several themes were emerged to address the primary and secondary research question. Primarily, Six Sigma is multifaceted and holds several aspects variably been considered by multinational companies. Organizations are less concerned with environment protection, moderately concerned with social repute such as competitive position in eyes o f competitors and highly concerned with economic growth. The economic growth widely covers financial returns attained through different routes such as increase in market share, economies of scale production, minimum input cost and low employee turnover. Mu ltinational companies? ultimate objective is to increase financial returns by identifying market share increase, customer base enhancement, zero defect level and competition as secondary objectives. For multinational companies, aim and sustainability of Si x Sigma varies as most of companies considers Six Sigma as a way to meet competition however, sustainability is associated with financial success. The combination of sustainability and Six Sigma ultimately translated into sustainable financial return which helps the company to increase its market competitiveness.  © 2011 The Clute Institute 13 Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 Implications For Future Research Six Sigma is not a new issue nevertheless; the issue has mainly been addressed by developed counties. Mostly, the organizations that have implemented Six Sigma belong to developed nations. In few cases, companies of small underdeveloped countries have implemented Six Sigma and have reaped significant benefits from implementation of Six Sigma. The study identifies such companies and reflects on sustainability provided such as financial returns; markets share increase, environmental protection, zero defect level and o thers. In this way, it is a guide for small companies which have still not implemented Six Sigma considering it as an expensive way to quality. The study provides a guide to companies about the benefits attained through Six Sigma and serve as guidelines for companies who have not yet implemented Six Sigma. Present study is an initial research on sustainability provided to multinational companies. The study is under limited scope as it collects data from CEOs of only few companies. A large number of compa nies and their top executives are still untapped to describe several types of sustainability provided. In addition to this, sustainability with respect to industry and type of business can also be identified to customize the Six Sigma for specific businesses. The study is a subject measurement of sustainability generally drawn on all type nevertheless, leaving a significant margin to calculate financial sustainability provided to these companies. The study is a base for future studies as first step of id entification of top most sustainability provided by Six Sigma has been completed. The base study can be utilized for identification and statically measurement of market, financial, environmental and social sustainability provided. In addition, a comparison can be made between multinational and domestic or small vs. larger scale companies for the financial return improvement or customer base enhancement. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Dr. Abdullah AlSagheer is an Assistant Professor of Management at the e -School of Quality and Business Management at the Hamdan Bin Mohammed e-University. He is teaching undergraduate courses level such as TQM Implementation, Capstone Project. In addition, he is teaching graduate courses level such as Strategic Management of Innovation and Technological change. Dr. AlSagheer has PhD in Education and Human Resource Studies specialized in Interdisciplinary Studies (Industrial and Human Recourse Management Engineering) and M. Ed Education and Human Resource Studies specialized in Interdisciplinary Studies (Industrial and Human Recourse Management Engineering) from Colorado State University (CSU). He received Master of Science in Electrical Engineering specialized in Integrated Systems Strategic Project Management. His undergraduate degrees wer e Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering and a double major in Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from California State University Long Beach (CSULB). Dr. AlSagheer research focuses in strategic management, capstone courses, entrepreneurship and leadership, total quality management, ergonomics and human factor engineering, curriculum development, human resource management, management training, teamwork, innovation strategies, engineering management, and industrial engineering. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 14 3M Lean Six Sigma and Sustainability. 2010. United Stated Environmental Protection Agency. Available [Online] http://www. epa. gov/lean/studies/3m. htm [Accessed December 08, 2010]. Antony, J. 2006. „Six sigma for service processes? , Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 234 – 248 Babbie, E. 1990. Survey research methods. Wadsworth Pub. Co. Bertels, T. , Rath Strong. 2003. Rath Strong’s six sigma leadership handbo ok. John Wiley and Sons. Byrne, G. , Lubowe, F. , and Blitz, A. 2007. „Using a Lean Six Sigma approach to drive innovation? , Strategy Leadership, Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 5 – 10 Coronado, R. B. and Antony, J. 2002. Critical success factors for the successful im plementation of six sigma projects in organizations? , The TQM Magazine, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp 92 – 99 Ethier, W. 1986. „The Multinational Firm? , The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 101 No. 4, pp- 805834  © 2011 The Clute Institute Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 8. 9. 10 . 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Volume 7, Number 3 Fricker, A. 1998. „Measuring up to sustainability? , Futures, Vol 30 No. 4. pp-367-3 Giardina, A. 2006. Sustainability and Lean Six Sigma. Available [Online] http://proceedings. dia. org/JSEM2006/Wednesday/Giardina. pdf [Accessed December 10, 2010]. Gupta, P. 2005. The Six Sigma performance handbook: a statistical guide to optimizing results, McGraw Hill Professional, pp- 15-19 Glaser, B. G. , Strauss, A. L. 1967. The discovery of grounded th eory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine Groves, R. , Fowler, F. , Couper, M. , Lepkowski, K. , and Singer, E. 2009. Survey methodology: Volume 561 of Wiley series in survey methodology. John Wiley and Sons. Henderson, K. H. and Evans, J. R. 2000, „Successful implementation of six sigma: benchmarking General Electric company? Benchmarking: An International Journal, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp 260– 281 Hilto n, H. 2008. Managerial Accounting, 7th ed. Tata McGraw-Hil. Khan, J. 2003. „Impact of total quality management on productivity? , The TQM Magazine, Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 374 – 380 Leahy, T. 2000. „In search of perfection with Six Sigma? , Business Finance, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp -72-74. Mahadevan, B. 2010. Operations Management: Theory and Practice. Pearson Ed ucation India. McCarty, T. , and Fisher, K. 2007. „Six sigma: it is not what you think? , Journal of Corporate Real Estate, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 187 – 196 Munier, N. 2006. Introduction to Sustainability: Road to a Better Future, Springer, pp -10-15 Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development. 1987. UN Documents. Available [Online] on http://www. un-documents. net/ocf-02. htm [Accessed November 28, 2010]. Pande, K. 2003. The Six Sigma Way. Tata McGraw-Hill. Proudlove, N. , Moxham, C. , and Boaden, R. 2008. „Lessons for Lean in Healthcare from Using Six Sigma in the NHS,? Public Money Management, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 27-34, Pyzdek, T. , and Keller, P. 2009. The Six Sigma handbook: a complete guide for green belts, black belts, and managers at all levels, McGraw Hill Professional, pp -34-38 Reiling, J. 2008. Lean Versus Six Sigma: What’s the Controversy? What the Differ ence? Available [Online] http://www. articlesbase. com/business-articles/lean-versus-six-sigma-whats-the-controversy-whatthe-difference-595677. html#ixzz17Y3zDWRW [Accessed December 20, 2010]. Schwandt, D. , and Marquardt, M. 2000. Organizational learning: from world -class theories to global best practices, St. Lucie Press, pp-120-31 Six Sigma. 2010 Available [Online] on http://www. managementhelp. rg/quality/sixsigma/six-sigma. htm [Accessed November 27, 2010]. Shrivastava, P. , and Director, S. 1995. „Creating sustainable corporations? , Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp-154–165. Stocke, V. 2001. Socially desirable response behavior as rational choice: the case of attitudes towards foreigners. Sonderforschungsbereich. Taghizade gan, S. 2006. Essentials of lean Six Sigma. Butterworth -Heineman. Teddlie, C. , and Tashakkori, A. 2009. Foundations of mixed methods research: integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral scie nces. SAGE Publications Inc. Thareja P, 2006. A Total Quality Organization through People; Part 5, People as Change Agents? , Foundry, A Journal of Progressive Metal Casters, Vol. 18 No. 5, Sept/Oct. Truscott, W. 2003. Six sigma: continual improvement fo r business: a practical guide Referex Engineering, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp-15-35 Wiele, T. , Iwaarden, J. , and Power, D. 2010. „Six Sigma implementation in Ireland: the role of multinational firms? , International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, Vol. 27 No. 9, pp- 1054 – 66.  © 2011 The Clute Institute 15 Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 NOTES 16  © 2011 The Clute Institute How to cite Six Sigma for Sustainability in Multinational Organizations, Essay examples

Why Study History Essays - Philosophy, Literature, George Santayana

History: Discipline, Foundation, Mold, and Comfort The Primary Reason for Studying History: It Civilizes Us. Inherent in the definition of history as a discipline is the thought that history is a disciplining agent on human behavior. The purpose of discipline is organization, particularly self-organization, and it is only through the lens of history that we can see clearly how to organize ourselves as civilized beings. This organization is reflected by national and sub national groupings, religious, legal, and business codes, and our relations with others (both interpersonal and international), among others. Where history has recorded the associations and dissolutions among the peoples of the earth, in addition to their discoveries, from fire to the internet, from the wheel to the rocket, these recordings have helped organize and guide humans through the incredible past several thousand years of our development. Additional Reasons to Study History: Understanding and Improving Ourselves and Our World There are of course other compelling reasons to study history, as enumerated by Peter Stearns. The first, and arguably most important, according to Stearns is that history provides a basis for understanding, and ideally, living peacefully, among different peoples, although it is true that this knowledge is also used to wage wars. Through his argument on the historical study of alcoholism, Stearns also implies that it helps increase our understanding of social phenomena within our own society. The joy of studying history for its own sake is another reason Stearns touches on, which is arguably true of all disciplines. History is a tool, as well, for developing ourselves, as citizens, workers, critical thinkers, and moral beings according to Stearns. And while Stearns does not state it explicitly, the sum of his reasoning suggests the conclusion that George Santayana reached over a century ago, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." A Final Reason to Study History: Comfort Finally, in addition to the use of history as a discipline, and for the many purposes Stearns suggests, there is another essential quality of history which serves a less practical but elemental purpose. History is comforting. History grounds us in uncertain times, times of rapid change and upheaval. The worried take comfort in the warm cloak of the past; the disparaged call on history to avenge them. Regardless of how much or little an individual knows of this discipline, each morsel of knowledge sustains us with the realization that as bad as things are, they have likely been as bad or worse in the past. History, really, has endless purposes, some concrete and foundational, some less so, but regardless of our purpose for studying history, it is always rewarding. References Stearns, Peter. (1998). Why study history? American Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2009 from http://www.historians.org/pubs/free/WhyStudyHistory.htm Santayana, George. (1905). The critical edition of the works of George Santayana. Retrieved January 14, 2009 from http://www.iupui.edu/~santedit/ gsantayanaquotes.html